Things To Consider For Your Next Crane Rental
Things To Consider For Your Next Crane Rental
Things To Consider For Your Next Crane Rental
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Home Page > Business > Things To Consider For Your Next Crane Rental
Things To Consider For Your Next Crane Rental
Posted: Apr 04, 2011 |Comments: 0
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More often than not, several construction, manufacturing and freight service companies are opting for crane rental rather than owning one for practicality’s sake. Most of the companies’ aim is to lower the total expense cost, but, without compromising the production capacity, thus, increasing total income in the end.
Investing on a property like a crane will involve big sum of money and the continuous maintenance you need to fund is a big and risky task to take especially for businesses which are just starting and no substantial backup cash yet. Throughout the years, it has been tested that through crane rental, the advantages outweigh the drawbacks involve with this kind of transaction.
In the construction of buildings, roads, super highways, bridges and other important structural facilities, cranes played a very significant part in the realization of the said structures. Cranes are also commonly found in piers or other companies offering freight services. There are wide variety of cranes basing on the size and type, and each has been made for a specialized purpose.
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These giant machines are created in lifting and transferring of heavy materials beyond the capacity of any human being. However, there are several companies which particularly offer crane rental services, and others can be done through online which makes the whole process easy and convenient. With the relevance of Internet in our present lives, no wonder that many businesses provide means in dealing with their clients through the World Wide Web. Here are the following significant guidelines to follow in the option of having to rent a crane for a specific purpose.
1. Make comparative notes by visiting certain websites of companies offering rental services of their cranes or make inquiries and in depth research over the phone
2. The service providers must have a wide range of available cranes to choose from to cater the needs of every contractors and businessmen. The several types of cranes come with various sizes and function. They are the hydraulic cranes, telescopic cranes, odc transports, forklifts, hydras, drum mix plants, hot mix plants, lattice boom truck cranes, asphalt plants, mechanical crawler, trailers, and truck mounted cranes among others.
3. Take note the number of years the online crane rental company has been in the business as longer experience means better quality of service.
4. Check the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) certificate of the service provider. This will prove how reliable the company is and if they have followed the set standards for this kind of business as per regulation.
5. The wide vast of area they can serve will answer any inquiries as how far they can serve a company.
6. The list of clients they are serving and for how long are important gauges as to the kind of service they are rendering.
The Internet is an infinite place of possibilities. Many crane rental service providers have been marketing online and choosing a reliable one entails great responsibility. However, there are online support systems to attend for any inquiries.
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Since cranes and other big machines are just too expensive to purhase, you should consider renting a crane for your next commercial construction task. Contact your local industrial maintenance company to see they deals on crane rentals and other equipment hauling needs.
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Since cranes and other big machines are just too expensive to purhase, you should consider renting a crane for your next commercial construction task. Contact your local industrial maintenance company to see they deals on crane rentals and other equipment hauling needs.
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Home Page > Business > Business Ideas > Availing Crane Rental Services Online
Availing Crane Rental Services Online
Posted: Mar 09, 2011 |Comments: 0
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As industrial developers, many of us have rental cranes highlighted on our essentials list. The cranes can be used for almost all kinds of industrial undertakings. Cranes do play an important role in our businesses but their employment does not make them important enough to purchase or at least until our businesses are substantial enough. So the best way to utilize the crane services in one’s business venture is by renting it for a pre decided period of time. Availing crane services have become all the better and easier with the advent of the World Wide Web. At the behest of a few clicks, we can go ahead and rent a crane online.
The internet is replete with various crane rental providers, offering all kinds of cranes for any period of time. The crane services span from hiring, contract for lifting, transportation of cargo, erection of structures and plants, repair of damaged cranes, sale of used imported cranes and many more. Crane services are employed by both individual contractors and big organizations. With the number of web portals offering crane rental services, in order to choose, one should look for the service that provides the largest type of crane services. Such companies have better chance of specifically providing you the services you would require. The range of cranes include hydraulic cranes, telescopic cranes, mechanical crawler cranes, truck mounted cranes, hydras, forklifts, trailers, lattice boom truck cranes, odc transport, hotmix plants, asphalt plants, drum mix plants and many more.
The most important point about crane rental services is that they can be availed in any number for any time period. Owning cranes requires humungous capital and frequent usage demands. If either condition is absent, the cranes maintenance and workability suffer tremendously. In such scenarios, it is best to avail the services of the various rental companies. The internet provides a refreshingly wide array of crane providers. Apart from renting, one could also make purchases of cranes at such places. Used cranes are sold at accommodating prices and affordable rates.
With the immense variety in crane services and their rental prices, availing these services online has never been this easy. The more varied is the website’s offers, the more likely will be their ability to provide you the custom made services in complete line with your requirements. Such services come with customer support services, so you can enquire after a detailed version of their services whenever you want. So in case you need a rental cranes, search over the internet and find the best suitable rental crane services.
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Choosing the Right Crane Services Portal
Choosing the Right Crane Services Portal
Choosing the Right Crane Services Portal
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Home Page > Business > Business Ideas > Choosing the Right Crane Services Portal
Choosing the Right Crane Services Portal
Posted: Mar 09, 2011 |Comments: 0
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Cranes are these gigantic pieces of equipment that can do the work of hundreds of men and lift heavy loads within a substantially lesser time. The crane services are often employed in the various sectors of the industry, whether it be plant production, building framework setting, lifting heavy loads, transportation of cargos, structural erection etc. The industrial applications of cranes are widespread and fairly large.
With the advent of the World Wide Web we have come to do our businesses in a whole different way. Many are set up online with the intent of providing expeditious services at the behest of just a few clicks. But what we come across as a major problem is choosing the crane rental services. The most important point about these services is that they are all competitive and replete with the best in crane technology. This simply means that for every attempt at availing crane services, we should note some particular things about the service provider by visiting their website or corresponding with them over the phone.
Crane rental service providers should showcase a wide array of cranes in order to accommodate the needs of a more varied range of businessmen and contractors. The cranes come into a huge variety like hydraulic cranes (with telescopic view), mechanical crawler, hydras, forklifts, truck mounted cranes, odc transport, lattice boom truck cranes, drum mix plants, hotmix plants, asphalt plants etc. The provider should have been propagating it business in the field for a substantial period of time. The more the experience, the better will be its services. Checking their ISO status is also a recommended thing. The latest their status, the more convincing a picture do they project. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world’s largest developer of international standards for the company. Also that, the company’s services should be open for utilization over large spans of area or say throughout the country. Imported machinery is often more advanced in comparison to the locally made ones. The list of clientele also suggests the type and quality of services that the marketer provides. Also note the number of years that certain clients have been serviced. The most common type of mistake we make is to solely go by Google results. Instead it is advisable to do some undercover digging and finding the provider’s portal whose services best suit your requirements.
Choosing the most relevant rental crane service is half the job well done so it one should rather do it with diligent care.
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SLR secures green light for Kent waste treatment plant
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Home Page > Business > SLR secures green light for Kent waste treatment plant
SLR secures green light for Kent waste treatment plant
Posted: Mar 25, 2011 |Comments: 0
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SLR Consulting has assisted waste management and recycling company Countrystyle Recycling to secure planning approval for a waste treatment and recycling plant at Sellindge near Folkestone.
The proposed facility in East Kent will treat up to 20,000 tonnes of organic waste a year using Anaerobic Digestion technology while a Material Recycling Facility will deal with around 75,000 tonnes of dry recyclable material.
The green light for the scheme was given by Kent County Council (KCC) councillors who voted 14 – 3 in favour of the plans, which had previously been recommended for approval by planning officers. Proposals for the site, located on a redundant quarry and asphalt production site on the A20, near Folkestone, have been the focus of considerable local opposition.
SLR Technical Director Nigel Cronin, spoke on behalf of Countrystyle in the three-hour debate that preceded the vote:
“We were keen to emphasise that the new plant would ensure that locally generated waste would no longer need to be transported 30 miles away to be landfilled and that the scheme is in accordance with National, Regional and Kent County Council local policies for the location of waste management facilities.”
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Otterpool is one of several waste projects that SLR Consulting
has helped steer through to planning approval in Kent and the South East in the last year. The multi-disciplinary consultancy carried out all the planning and environmental impact assessment work for the development which covered traffic, air quality, landscape, groundwater and noise impacts – all of which were of local concern.
Niall Cormac-Walshe, Technical Directorat Countrystyle said “We have been continually impressed by SLR’s expertise in guiding the scheme through a lengthy planning process which has resulted in KCC’s approval and we look forward to working with them through the next stage of the development programme.”
SLR is an international environmental consultancy, based near Oxford in the UK, with almost 900 employees working from 63 offices in the Europe, North America, Australasia, and Africa. SLR is one of a very small number of truly international specialist environmental consultancies.
It provides global advice and support on a wide range of strategic and site-specific issues to a diverse and growing base of business, regulatory and governmental clients. Key areas of SLR’s business are the energy and mining sector where it is involved with both the oil and gas industry, renewable power including wind, energy from waste, hydropower and biomass, and advises mining companies and funding organisations throughout the world. SLR is also the leading consultant to the private sector waste management industry in the UK and undertakes a significant amount of planning and environmental impact assessment work for major commercial developers.
For more information visit www.slrconsulting.com/news_stories
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Concrete plant given approval
Concrete plant given approval
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Home Page > Business > Business Ideas > Concrete plant given approval
Concrete plant given approval
Posted: May 29, 2011 |Comments: 0
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After six months and more than 10 meetings, the Rochester Planning Board has approved a Plainville developer’s site plan application for a bituminous concrete plant off Kings Highway.
The news was cheered by Edgewood Development vice president Timothy Higgins, vertical roller millwho said the company spent much time, effort, and money to provide all the information the board could possibly need to make an informed decision.
“We are very pleased with the approval,” Higgins said. “We are a company that tries to get along.”
But a lawyer who represents several families whose homes are in the vicinity of the proposed site as well as the town’s existing asphalt producer, Rochester Bituminous, was not as enthused.
“We are disappointed in the decision, concrete crusher but not surprised given how dismissive this Planning Board has been from the outset of the severe impact the plant would have on the residential abutters, who are located just 60 feet away,” said Benjamin Tymann, of the Boston firm Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, PC. “But we’re confident that the courts, unlike this board, will enforce the law, and that this plant will never be built.”
Tymann said an appeal will be filed in either state Superior Court or in Land Court.
Neither Rochester’s town attorney nor town planner could be reached for comment.
Tymann has said that the town’s bylaws — amended by Town Meeting in 2009 — prohibit any business from opening its doors if there is a likelihood that it will affect property values. Residents say they fear not only impacts like truck traffic and noise but also that, ultimately, their homes would be worthless.
Edgewood Development officials have countered that the industrial zone is a perfect location for the plant, being close to highways and similar types of businesses,concrete plant including the SEMASS waste-to-energy facility. Over the months since it proposed the facility, the company has offered to buy the abutters’ homes at fair assessed values, but all of the residents rejected the offer. They said they preferred to remain and try to fight off the proposal.
On Wednesday, Higgins said the offer to buy those homes is still on the table, and will remain so, even when the plant becomes operational, as long as those affected don’t take any legal action.
When it is opened, the 5-acre facility will produce 1,200 to 2,000 tons of asphalt per day and employ three people, according to the company.
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Tymann has said that the town’s bylaws — amended by Town Meeting in 2009 — prohibit any business from opening its doors if there is a likelihood that it will affect property values.
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Tymann has said that the town’s bylaws — amended by Town Meeting in 2009 — prohibit any business from opening its doors if there is a likelihood that it will affect property values.
Themachine series is designed for construction-use asphalt concrete’s characteristic; their designs are good for structure shaping, and working performance with high speed and reliability; thus make high quality construction-use asphalt concrete. They are ideal equipments for construction-use asphalt concrete markets, and fit for different buyers with flexible investment requirements. Contact Person: John Zou Email: johnzouq@gmail.com MSN: johnzouq@hotmail.com Yahoo Messenger: johnzouq Skype: johnzouq Phone: 0086-15201807007
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Barite grinding plant calcite powder grinding
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Barite grinding plant calcite powder grinding
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Home Page > Business > Industrial > Barite grinding plant calcite powder grinding
Barite grinding plant calcite powder grinding
Posted: Jun 22, 2011 |
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Barite grinding mill for barite powder:
Barite mill, barite pulverizer is a grinding equipment to produce fine and ultrafine barite powder. SBM is major barite mill manufacturer and exporter in China. Our barite mills have ball mill, Raymond mill, vertical mill, trapezium mill, coarse powder mill, ultrafine mill.
With the barite mill, the contractors can produce barite powder used as filter, especially, SBM ultrafine barite mill can grind the barite powder down to 2500 mesh, which is suitable for sealing oil wells during drilling.
Barites, after suitable grinding and pulverizing, has many uses. It is mainly used in oil-well drilling and it is estimated that 90% of the barites produced in the world is used only for drilling purposes. It is also found useful in the manufacture of white pigment or extender in pigments and barium chemicals, in the glass industry and as filler in rubber, leather, textile and paper goods.
Barite crusher:
Barite crusher is the major crushing equipment to crusher large crude barite into small particles, so the barite stone can be used easily.
SBM is a major barite crusher manufacturer in China. Our barite crusher series are from primary crushing to fineness crushing. The crushing capacity can be up to 1000 TPH, the final grain size of the products can be down to 2mm in diameter.
Usually, a barite crushing process consists of jaw crusher, impact crusher, cone crusher etc.
What is barite:
Barite, barites, or heavy spar, is a white, yellow, blue, red, or colorless mineral. The mineral is widely distributed throughout the world. It often occurs in veins with lead and zinc minerals.
Barite is used as a commercial source of barium and many of its compounds. Ground barite is used as filler in the manufacture of linoleum, oilcloth, paper and textile manufacturing, rubber, and plastics. Finely ground barite is used to make a thixotropic mud for sealing oil wells during drilling.
it is widely used in the fields of all kinds of dope, middle and high-grade paint, engineering plastic, medicine compounding chemical industry, rubber, paper-making, pottery, cosmetic etc.
Barite powder Industrial Applications
Barites is supplied in crude/lump form. Barites, after suitable grinding and pulverizing, has many uses. It is mainly used in oil-well drilling and it is estimated that 90% of the barites produced in the world is used only for drilling purposes. It is also found useful in the manufacture of white pigment or extender in pigments and barium chemicals, in the glass industry and as filler in rubber, leather, textile and paper goods. barite processing plant
Painting Industry
In dope and painting, it can be used as filling and can take the place of some expensive material such as basofor, crypton, titanium dioxide, activity, monox etc. Control the viscosity of the paint compatibly to make the products with bright color, good stability.
Plastic Industry
In plastic industry, it is used as the filling of plastic ABS to make the products with bright color. It also can improve the intensity, stiffness and abrasive resistance.
Rubber Industry
In rubber industry, the products less than 500 mesh can be used as the filling of rubber products to save cost. It can improve the intensity, and acid, alkali, and water proof, and also has benefit for the Natural Rubber and Synthetic Rubber.
Pharmaceutical Industry
In medicine, it can be used as barium meal material for the intestines and stomach reflection, and also the filling for plaster and dope to extend the time limit.
Paper-Making Industry
In the papermaking industry, high-refined barites powder can be used as the filling of white paperboard and coat paper, improve the whiteness and percentage of coverage.
Cosmetics Industry
In cosmetics, it can be a substitute of titanium dioxide, for its white and gentle, and harmless to the skin.
Calcite powder processing plant:
Calcite processing plant major means calcite grinding plant. Calcite is the major components of rocks like limestone, marbles (metamorphosed limestone), chalks, calcareous marks, calcareous sandstones, etc. When the rocks are crushed, calcite is made.
As calcite powder (natural and coated) plays an important in all kinds industries. Calcite powder making machine is important. SBM is a major stone crusher and grinding mill manufacturer and exporter in China, our stone crusher and grinding mill can grind the calcite into fine and ultrafine powder.
The grinding mills supplied by SBM are ball mill, Raymond mill, vertical mill, trapezium mill, coarse powder mill, ultrafine mill etc.
The final grain size of ball mill can be down to 0.07mm, the trapezium mill can grind the calcite powder to 400 mesh, and the ultrafine mill can grind the calcite powder down to 2500 mesh in diameter.
This grinding process is suitable for calcium carbonate, marble and limestone grinding down to 1 micron average particle size.
About calcite:
Calcite / Marble Crushed Media (CaCO3) Synonyms: calcite, limestone, calcspar, crushed marble, ground limestone, calcium carbonate, ground / pulverized calcium carbonate, GCC, lime, chalk, whiting, champagne chalk, French chalk, albacar, and aeromatt is the common about calcite. Calcite is a common mineral consisting of crystallized calcium carbonate; a major constituent of limestone. Calcite is a crushed and screened white marble media which can inexpensively be used to neutralize acidic or low pH waters to a neutral, less corrosive effluent. Calcite is one of the most common minerals to produce calcium carbonate.
Calcite powder usage and application:
Plastics, rubber, coatings, inks, adhesives, and soil conditioner, building products, plastic filler, ceramic flux, asphalt filler, chemical processing, glass ingredient, water treatment, pesticide granules, dusting agent, welding rods coating, thermosets, thermoplastics, paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants, rubber, pharmaceutical, toothpaste, and food additive
Calcite has a wealth of uses: as a flux in steel production and in processing of non-ferrous metals; in bricks, mortar and concrete for construction; as a raw material in glass; in the construction of roads and dams; in the manufacture of paper, paints and dyes, carpeting and other floor coverings; and in the treatment of water, industrial waste, gases and household refuse. It is also used to reduce soil acidity in agriculture, to absorb water and add calcium in food products, and in sugar extraction. calcite crusher
Calcite is a versatile additive for use in a wide range of plastic and elastomeric applications. Its regular and controlled crystalline shape and ultrafine particle size together with the hydrophobic surface coating, combine to the benefit of both polymer processing and subsequent physical properties.
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Home Page > Business > Business Opportunities > Bauxite beneficiation plant applied in Africa
Bauxite beneficiation plant applied in Africa
Posted: Mar 07, 2011 |Comments: 0
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Bauxite is a rock composed mainly of aluminum oxide and aluminum hydroxide minerals. These might include: gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore. The rock usually includes other materials such as iron hydroxides, clay, silt and free silica. It most often occurs as a residual soil material in tropical and subtropical areas. It is the primary source of aluminum. Aluminum comes from Canada, China, Australia, India, Brazil, Guinea, Jamaica and Russia.
SBM has 30 years experience for designing and manufacturing all kinds stone crushers from primary crushing to fineness crushing. We also supply all kinds crushing plant for ore beneficiation, stone crushing, bauxite beneficiation plant, coal, cement and recycling industry
SBM, the professional grinding mill manufacturer, has exported our grinding mill plant for powder making to many countries. SBM grinding mill plant is for coarse powder making to ultrafine powder grinding. It is an ideal equipent for calcium carbonate, coal, cement, gypsum, limestone and so on.
Philippines is rich in mineral resources. Most of the country’s metallic minerals, including gold, iron ore, lead, zinc, chromite, and copper, are drawn from major deposits on the islands of Luzon and Mindanao. Smaller deposits of silver, nickel, mercury, molybdenum, cadmium, and manganese occur in several other locations. The Visayas are the principal source of nonmetallic minerals, including limestone for cement, marble, asphalt, salt, sulfur, asbestos, guano, gypsum, phosphate, and silica.
In Africa, very few government officials and civil servants perform services for free. You cannot get your birth certificate or passport unless you grease the palm of officials. You cannot get good education for your kid unless you pay a bribe. You cannot obtain electricity meter for your house unless you pay a bribe. You cannot get your goods out from the harbour unless you pay kickback. Anything involving signing of documents involves paying inducements. In Africa you can hardly find someone who has not paid bribe before either willingly or unwillingly. To receive attention barite processing machine when you are sick you need to grease the palm of hospital officials.
In Ghana, officials illegally charge 15 and 150 Ghana cedis for a birth certificate and a passport respectively. Again in Ghana Police officers openly ask bus and taxi drivers to pay bribe before they are allowed to cross mounted road blocks. Customs officials adopt all manner of tactics in order to collect money from importers and exporters before their goods are allowed to leave the ports.
Most projects in Africa are carried out by corrupt contractors who collude and connive with public officials to inflate project cost in order to enrich themselves. As a result every project carried out cost three times the usual cost and it is always the tax payers who bear the brunt of it. Due to corruption, project inspectors fail to do their job and allow substandard work to be done at the expense of the people and the nation.
In Africa, it is totally useless to bid for contracts because contracts are awarded to the contractors who are able to pay the biggest bribe. In most countries there are no announcements for tenders rather contracts are awarded to companies who secretly pay large sums of commission to government officials.
Bauxite mining
Open gold ore processing mining is used to get bauxite. The water in bauxite is taken out of the ore. This leaves a white powder that is called alumina which is another name for aluminum oxide. Alumina is made into aluminum.
Eighty percent of world bauxite production, mainly from large blanket type deposits is from surface mines, with the rest, mainly from Southern Europe and Hungary, from underground excavations. On some surface deposits there is no overburden, and on others, the bauxite may be covered by 70 metres or more of rock and clay. Deposits that are hardened may require blasting in order to release the ore. Once the bauxite is loosened into manageable pieces it is generally loaded into trucks or railroad cars and transported to crushing or washing plants or to stockpiles. Underground bauxite mines are used to exploit pockets or beds of deposit between layers of carbonic rock. Water in flow is a problem in most underground operations and dewatering shafts are often drilled before mining begins.
Bauxite Crusher Supplier
SBM is a manufacturer of crushers and grinding mills, and supplies bauxite crushers, washing machine and better service for bauxite beneficiation plant. We have jaw crusher, impact crusher, cone crusher, aggregate crushing plant ,vsi crusher and ball mill, vertical mill, ultrafine mill to choose for you. Of course we can also supplies ore crushers for other ore industries, such as iron crusher, chromite crusher, copper crusher.
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Believe It! Your Plants Like The Heat Of Summer!
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Home Page > Home Improvement > Landscaping > Believe It! Your Plants Like The Heat Of Summer!
Believe It! Your Plants Like The Heat Of Summer!
Posted: Jan 31, 2011 |Comments: 0
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July. The heat is on, the days are long, and you struggle to complete those outdoor tasks unless you get up and at them by 6AM. Even the landscape crew struggles when temperatures approach 100 degrees, but we persevere. Combine heat with the inevitable dry period we get before the July or August monsoon season kicks in here in Colorado, and many of us wonder how plants and trees survive. Truth is, they like it! This article looks at the physical responses of plants to heat, and some tips to help newly planted material survive those 100 degree and very low humidity summer weeks.
A plant or tree’s temperature is usually slightly above the ambient air temperature. Plants lose heat on a hot day in order to maintain a survivable temperature by longwave radiation, convection, and by transpiration. Think of this as radiant heat loss, buoyant air moving up from the leaves of the plant itself, and evaporation of water that has passed through from the roots to the leaves of the plants (evapotranspiration). These processes help the plant survive on the hottest days.
Stresses to a plant from heat come from several factors. First, the duration of the heat presents a challenge to even the most hardy plants. If the heat wave lasts for a week, that puts more stress on a plant than one or two days of 100 degree temperatures. The peak temperature is also a factor. Most deciduous plants cannot survive a temperature spike above 125 degrees which can occur depending on exposure to sun and buildings. The water content of the plant greatly affects its ability to stave off and survive hot temperatures. The more water available in the plant’s tissue, the more the plant can transpire to keep itself cool. Just as people sweat to stay cool, plants do the same. And finally, exposure is key. Areas around concrete or asphalt, or near buildings on a south or west exposure, can be up to 20 degrees hotter than the surrounding air. A new construction site with newly planted material can be brutal on plants. Frequent watering, including wetting the plants themselves can be beneficial to their survival.
Glacier View plants trees and shrubs in the hottest of temperatures, but it is the attention to watering in the first few days that allows plants to survive. While working on other facets of the landscape, the crew will continue to monitor all newly planted material and address any heat stresses as soon as they present themselves. This attention to detail ensures that new material has the best chance at survival. However, plants severely stressed by heat have their own mechanisms for survival. Plants may lose some or all of their leaves in order to survive. By losing leaves, they are signaling that they cannot transpire water fast enough to maintain the leaf “burden”. They are preserving moisture for the stems and roots of the plant. If given some water at that time, some plants can survive a leaf drop in summer and will put out some new leaf growth again when the temperatures finally cool.
Plants need the heat of summer. They develop resistance to heat by being exposed to the hot summer days. Just as people do, plants acclimate to their environment. Part of the function of good leaf mass is to shade the roots of the plant from the extreme temperatures. That shade allows for better root growth which, in turn, helps the plant access more water for transpiration. It is mother nature’s way of insuring survival of the fittest plants. The sudden spurt of leaf growth in plants when the first heat of summer really gets going is what helps it survive the brutal heat of August in Colorado. So, don’t be afraid to plant trees and shrubs in the heat of summer. Just remember that they need to be monitored a little more carefully than if planted in spring or fall.
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Glacier View Landscape & Design, Inc. is a family-owned residential and commercial Boulder County area landscaping contractor. Dave White, Owner/Designer, started the company in 2008. Dave has 20 years experience in the landscape and nursery industries both in north Florida and Colorado and has been a Boulder County Colorado resident for 25 years. Honesty and integrity have enabled Glacier View Landscape & Design, Inc. to continue exceeding customers’ expectations.
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Hello and good day, I have noticed a change in my boyfriends behavior. It usually occurs around the summer time. He’s been sending text messages that are like one line with no real thought to it.…
I live in Singapore. I find white powder like substance on the stem of my hibiscus plants. Pleaase help
I have allergy from caffeine, lactose, sea fruits, egg plants, egg and some fruits like mango avocado and banana and when i eat jlapeno my skin starts to itch and gets blisters. can i use this pills?
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Glacier View Landscape & Design, Inc. is a family-owned residential and commercial Boulder County area landscaping contractor. Dave White, Owner/Designer, started the company in 2008. Dave has 20 years experience in the landscape and nursery industries both in north Florida and Colorado and has been a Boulder County Colorado resident for 25 years. Honesty and integrity have enabled Glacier View Landscape & Design, Inc. to continue exceeding customers’ expectations.
Climate Change / Carbon Credits – Hold onto Your Wallets!
Climate Change / Carbon Credits – Hold onto Your Wallets!
Climate Change / Carbon Credits – Hold onto Your Wallets!
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Home Page > News and Society > Weather > Climate Change / Carbon Credits – Hold onto Your Wallets!
Climate Change / Carbon Credits – Hold onto Your Wallets!
Posted: Dec 28, 2009 |Comments: 0
| Views: 114 |
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“Global Warming” or “Climate Change” as its called now since the globe hasn’t warmed in more than 10 years now is being set up as a massive global tax on every productive member of society The fact that the globe isn’t warming still hasn’t changed the minds of the politicians who want to play on the science illiteracy of the general public. So they have figured out a way to tax every man, woman, and child for something that isn’t necessary except to maintain their own political power over the rest of us. Thus is invented the “carbon footprint.” The idea of a “carbon footprint” is perhaps political correctness taken to its most absurd extreme.
The carbon cycle is defined by “Wikipedia” as a biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and the atmosphere of the earth. This cycle has been going on for as long as the earth has existed. It began before mankind walked the planet and will continue well beyond our existence here. All forms of life on this planet are carbon based. Plants, animals, insects, creatures in the sea are all made of long chain carbon molecules.
It is largely plant life that has formed the massive coal and petroleum reserves we are utilizing today for fuel. As these products are being oxidized (burned), carbon is being released back into the environment.
On one hand, those who advocate the burning of forestland with prescribed burns call what they do as “carbon neutral” because all they are doing is releasing sequestered carbon. The increase of plant growth – both the trees and the understory- are supposed to take in the carbon dioxide being released by burning and “re-sequester” the carbon.
Following this logic, we are already doing that with our carbon-based fuels. It takes energy to produce a car, a house, a building, or a highway. Carbon is used in its many forms to produce these commodities. Arguably, these new ‘forms” of carbon are sequestering carbon better than one could ever hope to do with a forest of trees.
Look around and see what you can find that isn’t some form of carbon. I have played this game with several folks from time to time and they haven’t stopped to realize how much carbon is all around us everyday. The streets we drive on are asphalt – a long chain carbon molecule mixed with crushed limestone (calcium carbonate.) The plastics virtually everywhere are long chain carbon molecules. The steel in our cars, building, metal signs, etc. are iron and carbon. The paint on the cars, roadways, signs, houses, etc. are all carbon-based molecules. You can go on and on and will be hard pressed to find something that doesn’t have some form of carbon in it – from the sheet rock in the wall to the concrete in the curb – to all things living or dead – they all have carbon as one of their elements.
When playing this game, it’s hard to spot something that isn’t carbon based in some way or another. Someone will point to the windshield of the truck, but then I point out that the safety glass has a thin layer of plastic sandwiched between the glass. Base metals such as copper or aluminum are some of the few things in our world that do not contain carbon but carbon was required to develop them into useful items.
The “carbon footprint” guilt trip is laid on most heavily by those most likely to make money – and a lot of it – with something called “carbon credits.” When you hear this term, hold onto your wallet, for someone somewhere is going to figure out a way to relieve you of some of your hard earned dollars (made with cellulose by the way – a long chain carbon molecule.)
Politicians have been swayed into thinking that this is a good way to raise tax revenues and the first plan was called “Cap and Trade.” (Today, it is being called “The Climate Bill” – as if anything we can do will actually change the climate.) The original idea is that the person who can sequester carbon would trade his “carbon credits” to someone who, by necessity, had to produce carbon dioxide as part of their business. This would pay the person sequestering carbon while permitting the creator of carbon dioxide to go about their business as usual while paying a “tax.” The middleman – the broker of carbon credits – reaps the rewards and nothing is actually accomplished in the form of carbon sequestration.
The carbon credit-trading scheme is about as convoluted a process as one might ever expect to find. One of the first originated in Chicago – called the Chicago Climate Exchange. You can go on their website if you think you’d like to delve further into this morass of bad science. The complexities of carbon credit trading make the IRS forms look easy by comparison.
Meanwhile, the environmentalists are pushing the planting of trees to save the planet. Trees are well known carbon sinks and yes, they are a good method of sequestering carbon. Any tree person knows that and it is in our best interest to plant more trees, right? Well, maybe. I realize its heresy to bring this to your attention, but trees are not the most efficient methods of sequestering carbon. A healthy tree can sequester 13 pounds of carbon per year. Assuming 400 trees per acre (roughly a 10 foot x 10 foot plot per tree – that’s a lot of trees per acre), a total of 2.6 tons of carbon can be sequestered per year. (See http://www.coloradotrees.org/benefits.htm#carbon) With each tree occupying a small space, can they actually grow efficiently? In addition, where will this land come from to plant all of these trees?
Now the real kicker is that grass – i.e. pasture or prairie – can sequester 34 tons of carbon per acre. Even more if it is fertilized – as much as 47 tons per acre in a field of fertilized alfalfa. End result? An acre of grass is 13 to 18 times more efficient at carbon sequestration as an acre of trees. (Those who love the sport of golf now have a new argument in the favor of more golf courses.(http://mbforagecouncil.mb.ca/CustomBlox/Files/Live/Blox/859/Carbon_Sequestration_in_Pastures_FINAL_June_26_P.pdf)
I look out in the pasture and see cattle grazing. These carbon-based life forms are taking cellulose (carbon molecules) and turning them into proteins (also long chain carbon molecules). I will be doing my part as I enjoy a grilled (with carbon fuel) steak to complete the carbon cycle.
For now, I don’t think I’ll worry about sequestering carbon. The grass is cycled back to the soil in the form of manure – a similarity closely akin to the carbon credit schemes dreamed up by politicians. If they really wanted to sequester carbon, they would make more plastic. It’s said that the plastic water bottle takes a thousand years (or more) to return to the earth. How many trees do you know that can last a thousand years?
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Home Page > Business > Human Resources > Shale oil extraction
Shale oil extraction
Posted: May 06, 2010 |Comments: 0
| Views: 677 |
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History
Main article: History of the oil shale industry
A.C. Kirk’s retort, used in the mid-to-late 19th century, was one of the first vertical oil shale retorts.
A number of shale oil extraction technologies have evolved over a period of time. In the 10th century, a method of extracting oil from “some kind of bituminous shale” was described by the Arabian physician Masawaih al-Mardini (Mesue the Younger). The first shale oil extraction patent was granted by the British Crown in 1694 to three people who had “found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone”. Modern industrial extraction of shale oil originated in France with the implementation of a process invented by Alexander Selligue in 1838 and about a decade later in Scotland by implementation of the process invented by James Young. During the late 19th century, shale oil extraction plants were built in Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. The 1894 invention of the Pumpherston retort (also known as the Bryson retort) marked the separation of oil shale industry from the coal industry.
China (Manchuria), Estonia, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland began extracting shale oil in the early 20th century. However, crude oil discoveries in Texas during the 1920s and in the Middle East during mid-century brought most oil shale industries to a halt. In 1944, the United States restarted shale oil extraction as part of its Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program. These industries continued until oil prices fell sharply in the 1980s. The last oil shale retort in the United States, operated by Unocal Corporation, closed in 1991. The United States’ oil-shale development program was restarted in 2003, followed by a commercial leasing program in 2005 permitting the extraction of oil shale and oil sands on federal lands in accordance with the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
As of 2009[update], shale oil extraction is in operation in Estonia, Brazil, and China. While, Australia, U.S. and Canada have tested shale oil extraction techniques with demonstration projects and are planning implementation on a commercial basis, Morocco and Jordan are also planning to start shale oil production. Only four technologies are in commercial use; namely Kiviter, Galoter, Fushun, and Petrosix.
Process principle
Overview of shale oil extraction
Shale oil extraction process decomposes oil shale and converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil petroleum-like synthetic crude oil. The process is conducted by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. The most common extraction method is pyrolysis (also known as retorting). In this process, oil shale is heated until its kerogen decomposes into vapors of a condensable shale oil and non-condensable combustible oil shale gas. Oil vapors and oil shale gas are collected and cooled, causing the shale oil to condense. In addition, oil shale processing produces spent shale, which is a solid residue. Spent shale may contain char (some authors use the terms coke residue or semi-coke instead of char) carbonaceous residue formed from kerogen. Depending on the exact composition of oil shale, other useful by-products are also generated during this process. These include ammonia, sulfur, aromatic compounds, pitch, asphalt, and waxes. The efficiency of extraction processes is often evaluated by comparing their yield to the results of a Fischer Assay performed on a sample of the shale.
Pyrolysis is an endothermic process that requires an external source of energy. Most technologies use other fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, or coal to generate heat, but various experimental methods have used electricity, radio frequency, microwaves, or reactive fluids for this purpose. By-products of the retorting process such as oil shale gas and char may be burned as an additional source of energy and the heat contained in spent oil shale and oil shale ash may be reused to pre-heat the raw oil shale.
The temperature at which perceptible decomposition of oil shale occurs depends on the time-scale of the process. In ex situ retorting processes, it begins at 300 C (570 F) and proceeds more rapidly and completely at higher temperatures. The rate of decomposition is the highest when the temperature ranges between 480 C (900 F) and 520 C (970 F). The ratio of oil shale gas to shale oil generally increases along with retorting temperatures. For a modern in situ process, which might take several months of heating, decomposition may be conducted at temperatures as low as 250 C (480 F). Temperatures below 600 C (1,110 F) are preferable, preventing the decomposition of lime stone and dolomite in the rock and thereby limiting carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption.
Hydrogenation and thermal dissolution (reactive fluid processes) extract the oil using hydrogen donors, solvents, or a combination of these. Thermal dissolution involves the application of solvents at elevated temperatures and pressures, increasing oil output by cracking the dissolved organic matter. Different methods produce shale oil with different properties.
Classifications
Industry analysts have created several classifications of the methods by which hydrocarbons are extracted from oil shale.
By process principles: Based on the treatment of raw oil shale by heat and solvents the methods are classified as pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.
By location: A frequently used distinction considers whether processing is done above or below ground, and classifies the technologies broadly as ex situ (displaced) or in situ (in place). In ex situ processing, also known as aboveround retorting, the oil shale is mined either underground or at the surface and then transported to a processing facility. In contrast, in situ processing converts the kerogen while it is still in the form of an oil shale deposit, following which it is then extracted via oil wells, where it rises in the same way as conventional crude oil.
By heating method: The heating methods used to decompose oil shale may be classified as direct or indirect. While methods that burn materials or insert heat carriers within the retort are classified as direct, methods that conduct heat through retort walls are described as indirect. As of 2009, most of the commercial retorts in operation or under development are direct heating retorts. Another classification is based upon whether the heat is delivered by solids (hot recycled solids methods) or gases. In principle, it is less expensive to deliver heat using solids, especially those already heated by the shale’s pyrolysis, as is the case when spent shale particles are used.
By retort style: Based on the materials and methods used to heat the oil shale to an appropriate temperature, its processing technologies have been classified into internal combustion, hot recycled solids, wall conduction, externallyenerated hot gas, reactive fluid, and volumetric heating methods. There are many possible realizations and combinations of these methods, which are summarized in the table shown below. Some processing technologies are difficult to classify due to their unique methods of heat input (e.g. ExxonMobil Electrofrac) or due to limited information.
Classification of processing technologies by heating method and location (according to Alan Burnham)
Heating Method
Above ground (ex situ)
Underground (in situ)
Internal combustion
Gas combustion, NTU, Kiviter, Fushun, Union A, Paraho Direct, Superior Direct
Occidental Petroleum MIS, LLNL RISE, Geokinetics Horizontal, Rio Blanco
Hot recycled solids
(inert or burned shale)
Alberta Taciuk, Galoter, Lurgi-Ruhrgas, TOSCO II, Chevron STB, LLNL HRS, Shell Spher, KENTORT II
-
Conduction through a wall
(various fuels)
Pumpherston, Hom Tov, Fischer Assay, Oil-Tech, EcoShale In-Capsule Process, Combustion Resources
Shell ICP (primary method), American Shale Oil CCR, IEP Geothermic Fuel Cell Process
Externally generated hot gas
PetroSIX, Union B, Paraho Indirect, Superior Indirect, Syntec process (Smith process)
Chevron CRUSH, Petro Probe, MWE IGE
Reactive fluids
IGT Hytort (high-pressure H2), donor solvent processes, Chattanooga fluidized bed reactor
Shell ICP (some embodiments)
Volumetric heating
-
IIT Research Institute, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Raytheon radiofrequency processes, Global Resource microwave process, Electro-Petroleum EEOP
By raw oil shale particles’ size: The various ex situ processing technologies may be differentiated by the size of the oil shale particles that are fed into the retorts. As a rule, oil shale “lumps” varying in diameter from 10 millimeters (0.4 in) to 100 millimeters (3.9 in) are used in internal hot gas carrier technologies, while oil shale that has been crushed into particulates less than 10 millimeters (0.4 in) in diameter are used in internal hot solid carrier technologies.
By complexity of technology: In situ technologies are usually classified either as true in situ processes or modified in situ processes. True in situ processes do not involve mining or crushing the oil shale. Modified in situ processes involve drilling and fracturing the target oil shale deposit to create voids for the improved flow of gases and fluids through the deposit, thereby increasing the volume and quality of the shale oil produced.
Ex situ technologies
Internal combustion
Internal combustion technologies burn materials (typically char and oil shale gas) within a vertical shaft retort to supply heat for pyrolysis. Typically raw oil shale is fed into the top of the retort and is heated by the rising hot gases, which pass through the descending oil shale, thereby causing decomposition. Shale oil vapors and evolving gases are then moved to a condensing system. Condensed shale oil is collected, while non-condensable gas is recycled and used to carry heat. In the lower part of the retort, spent oil shale is heated to about 900 C (1,650 F) to burn off the char. Recycled gas enters the bottom of the retort and cools the spent oil shale. The Union and Superior multimineral processes depart from this pattern. In the Union process, oil shale is fed through the bottom of the retort and a pump moves it upward. In the Superior multimineral process, oil shale is processed in a horizontal segmented doughnut-shaped traveling-grate retort.
These processes are thermally efficient, since much of the carbon within the shale is burnt, and can achieve 80-90% of Fischer assay yield. Two well-established shale oil industries use internal combustion technologies: Kiviter process facilities have been operated continuously in Estonia since the 1920s, and China’s Fushun Mining Group, a world leader in shale oil production, operates Fushun process facilities. Their product streams, however, are diluted by combustion exhaust.
Hot recycled solids
Hot recycled solids technologies deliver heat to the shale via solid particlesypically oil shale ash. These technologies usually employ rotating kiln retorts, fed by fine oil shale particles generally having a diameter of less than 10 millimeters (0.4 in); some technologies use particles even smaller than 2.5 millimeters (0.10 in). The particles are heated in a separate chamber or vessel, advantageously preventing the dilution of oil shale gas with combustion exhaust.
In the Galoter process, the spent oil shale is burnt in a separate furnace and the resulting hot ash is mixed with oil shale particles to cause decomposition. This process and its modified version, Enefit, have been used in Estonia’s Narva Oil Plant for several decades. The TOSCO II process uses hot shale ash and ceramic balls heated by contact with the ash. The distinguishing feature of the Alberta Taciuk process (ATP) is that the entire process occurs in a single rotating multihamber horizontal vessel. An ATP plant extracted 1.5 million barrels (238.4809410^3 m3) of shale oil between 2000 and 2005 at the Stuart Oil Shale Plant, but is now being dismantled.
Alberta Taciuk Processor retort
Conduction through a wall
These technologies transfer heat to the oil shale by conducting it through the retort wall. The shale feed usually consists of fine particles. Their advantage lies in the fact that retort vapors are not combined with combustion exhaust. The Combustion Resources process uses a hydrogenired rotating kiln, where hot gas is circulated through an outer annulus. The Oil-Tech staged electrically heated retort consists of individual inter-connected heating chambers, stacked atop each other. Its principal advantage lies in its modular design, which enhances its portability and adaptability. The Red Leaf Resources EcoShale In-Capsule Process combines surface mining with a lower-temperature heating method similar to in situ processes by operating within an earthen impoundment structure. Inside the impoundment, a hot gas circulated by parallel pipes heats the oil shale rubble. As the impoundment could be constructed in the empty space created by mining, it allows rapid reclamation of the topography.
Externally generated hot gas
In general, externally generated hot gas technologies are similar to internal combustion technologies in that they also process oil shale lumps in vertical shaft kilns. Significantly, though, the heat in these technologies is delivered by gases heated outside the retort vessel, and therefore the retort vapors are not diluted with combustion exhaust. The Petrosix process, used at the world’s largest operational surface oil shale pyrolysis retort in So Mateus do Sul, Paran, Brazil, employs this technology.
Reactive fluids
Reactive fluid technologies are suitable for processing oil shales with a low hydrogen content. In these technologies, hydrogen gas (H2) or hydrogen donors (chemicals that donate hydrogen during chemical reactions) react with coke precursors (chemical structures in the oil shale that are prone to form char during retorting but have not yet done so). The reaction roughly doubles the yield of oil, depending on the characteristics of oil shale and process technology.
Reactive fluids technologies include the IGT Hytort (high-pressure H2) process, donor solvent processes, and the Chattanooga fluidized bed reactor. In the IGT Hytort oil shale is processed in a high-pressure hydrogen environment. The Chattanooga process uses a fluidized bed reactor and an associated hydrogen-fired heater for oil shale thermal cracking and hydrogenation.
In situ technologies
In situ technologies heat oil shale underground by injecting hot fluids into the rock formation, or by using linear or planar heating sources followed by thermal conduction and convection to distribute heat through the target area. Shale oil is then recovered through vertical wells drilled into the formation. These technologies are potentially able to extract more shale oil from a given area of land than conventional ex situ processing technologies, as the wells can reach greater depths than surface mines. They present an opportunity to recover shale oil from low-grade deposits that traditional mining techniques could not extract.
During World War II a modified in situ extraction process was implemented without significant success in Germany. One of the earliest successful in situ processes was the underground gasification by electrical energy (Ljungstrm method) process exploited between 1940 and 1966 for shale oil extraction at Kvarntorp in Sweden. Prior to the 1980s, many variations of the in situ process were explored in the United States. The first modified in situ oil shale experiment in the United States was conducted by Occidental Petroleum in 1972 at Logan Wash, Colorado. The newest technologies explore a variety of heat sources and heat delivery systems.
Wall conduction
Shell’s freeze wall for in situ shale oil production was designed to separate the process from its surroundings
Wall conduction in situ technologies use heating elements or heating pipes placed within the oil shale formation. The Shell in situ conversion process (Shell ICP) uses electrical heating elements for heating the oil shale layer to between 650 F (340 C) and 700 F (370 C) over a period of approximately four years. The processing area is isolated from surrounding groundwater by a freeze wall consisting of wells filled with a circulating super-chilled fluid. Disadvantages of this process are large electrical power consumption, extensive water use, and the risk of groundwater pollution. The process, under development since the early 1980s, was tested at the Piceance Basin Mahogany Research Project. 1,700 barrels (270 m3) of oil were extracted in 2004 at a 30-by-40-foot (9.1 by 12 m) testing area.
American Shale Oil CCR Process
In the American Shale Oil CCR Process, superheated steam or another heat transfer medium is circulated through a series of pipes placed below the oil shale layer to be extracted. The system combines horizontal wells, through which steam is passed, and vertical wells, which provide both vertical heat transfer through refluxing of converted shale oil and a means to collect the produced hydrocarbons. Heat is supplied by combustion of natural gas or propane in the initial phase and by oil shale gas at a later stage.
The Independent Energy Partners’ Geothermic Fuels Cells Process (IEP GFC) extracts shale oil by exploiting a high-temperature stack of fuel cells. The cells, placed in the oil shale formation, are fueled by natural gas during a warm-up period and afterward by oil shale gas generated by its own waste heat.
Externally generated hot gas
Chevron CRUSH process
Externally generated hot gas in situ technologies use hot gases that are heated above-ground and then injected into the oil shale formation. The Chevron CRUSH process, developed in partnership with Los Alamos National Laboratory, injects heated carbon dioxide into the formation via drilled wells and heats the formation through a series of horizontal fractures in which the gas circulates. Petro Probe has proposed a process which involves injecting super-heated air into the oil shale formation. Mountain West Energy’s In Situ Vapor Extraction process uses similar principles of injection of high-temperature gas.
ExxonMobil Electrofrac
Main article: ExxonMobil Electrofrac
ExxonMobil’s in situ technology uses electrical heating with elements of both wall conduction and volumetric heating methods. It injects an electrically conductive material such as calcined petroleum coke into the hydraulic fractures created in the oil shale formation which then forms a heating element. Heating wells are placed in a parallel row with a second horizontal well intersecting them at their toe. This allows opposing electrical charges to be applied at either end.
Volumetric heating
Artist’s rendition of a radio wave-based extraction facility
The concept of oil shale volumetric heating by radio waves (radio frequency processing) was developed at the Illinois Institute of Technology during the late 1970s. This technology was further developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The oil shale would be heated by vertical electrode arrays. Deeper volumes could be processed at slower heating rates by installations spaced at tens of meters. The concept presumes a radio frequency at which the skin depth is many tens of meters, thereby overcoming the thermal diffusion times needed for conductive heating. While the Laboratory has not conducted a rigorous evaluation of the concept, private investigations may have been undertaken. Its drawbacks include intensive electrical demand and the possibility that groundwater or char would absorb undue amounts of the energy.
Radio frequency processing in conjunction with critical fluids is being developed by Raytheon together with CF Technologies and tested by Schlumberger, while Global Resource Corporation is testing microwave heating. Electro-Petroleum proposes electrically enhanced oil recovery by the passage of direct current between cathodes in producing wells and anodes located either at the surface or at depth in other wells. The passage of the current through the oil shale formation results in resistive Joule heating. Microwave heating technologies are based on the same principles as radio wave heating, although it is believed that radio wave heating is an improvement over microwave heating because its energy can penetrate farther into the oil shale formation.
Economics
NYMEX light-sweet crude oil prices 19962009 (not adjusted for inflation)
Main article: Oil shale economics
The dominant question for shale oil production is under what conditions shale oil is economically viable. The various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have succeeded only when the shale-oil production cost in a given region is lower than the price of petroleum or its other substitutes. According to a survey conducted by the RAND Corporation, the cost of producing a barrel of shale oil at a hypothetical surface retorting complex in the United States (comprising a mine, retorting plant, upgrading plant, supporting utilities, and spent shale reclamation), would range between US95 (0600/m3), adjusted to 2005 values). Assuming a gradual increase in output after the start of commercial production, the analysis projects a gradual reduction in processing costs to 40 per barrel (0250/m3) after achieving the milestone of 1 billion barrels (16010^6 m3). Royal Dutch Shell has announced that its Shell ICP technology would realize a profit when crude oil prices are higher than per barrel (0/m3), while some technologies at full-scale production assert profitability at oil prices even lower than per barrel (0/m3).
To increase the efficiency of oil shale retorting and by this the viability of the shale oil production, researchers have proposed and tested several co-pyrolysis processes, in which other materials such as biomass, peat, waste bitumen, or rubber and plastic wastes are retorted along with the oil shale. Some modified technologies propose combining a fluidized bed retort with a circulated fluidized bed furnace for burning the by-products of pyrolysis (char and oil shale gas) and thereby improving oil yield, increasing throughput, and decreasing retorting time.
A critical measure of the viability of oil shale as an energy source lies in the ratio of the energy produced by the shale to the energy used in its mining and processing, a ratio known as “Energy Returned on Energy Invested” (EROEI). A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil shale deposits as varying between 0.713.3; some companies and newer technologies assert an EROEI between 3 and 10. To increase the EROEI, several combined technologies were proposed. These include the usage of process waste heat, e.g. gasification or combustion of the residual carbon (char), and the usage of waste heat from other industrial processes, such as coal gasification and nuclear power generation. The water needed in some extraction processes offers an additional economic consideration: this may pose a problem in areas with water scarcity.
Environmental considerations
Main article: Environmental impact of the oil shale industry
Objections to its potential environmental impact have stalled governmental support for extraction of shale oil in some countries, e.g. Australia. Shale oil extraction may involve a number of different environmental impacts that vary with process technologies. Depending on the geological conditions and mining techniques, mining impacts may include acid drainage induced by the sudden rapid exposure and subsequent oxidation of formerly buried materials, the introduction of metals into surface water and groundwater, increased erosion, sulfur gas emissions, and air pollution caused by the production of particulates during processing, transport, and support activities. Surface mining for ex situ processing, as with in situ processing, requires extensive land use and ex situ thermal processing generates wastes that require disposal. Mining, processing, spent shale disposal, and waste treatment require land to be withdrawn from traditional uses and should therefore avoid areas of high population density. Depending on the processing technology, the waste material may contain pollutants including sulfates, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are toxic and carcinogenic. Experimental in situ conversion processes may reduce some of these impacts, but may instead cause other problems, such as groundwater pollution.
The production and usage of oil shale usually generates more greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide, than conventional fossil fuels. Depending on the technology and the oil shale composition, shale oil extraction may create also sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and nitrogen oxides emissions. Developing carbon capture and storage technologies may reduce the processes’ carbon footprint.
Concerns have been prominently raised over the oil shale industry’s use of water, particularly in arid regions where water consumption is a sensitive issue. In some cases, oil shale mining requires the lowering of groundwater levels below the level of the oil shale strata, which may affect the surrounding arable land and forest. Above-ground retorting typically consumes between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale oil, depending on technology. Water is usually used for spent shale cooling and oil shale ash disposal. In situ processing, according to one estimate, uses about one-tenth as much water.
A 2007 programmatic environmental impact statement issued by the United States Bureau of Land Management stated that surface mining and retort operations produce 2 to 10 US gallons (7.6 to 38 l; 1.7 to 8.3 imp gal) of waste water per 1 short ton (0.91 t) of processed oil shale.
See also
Oil shale geology
Oil shale reserves
References
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^ Tuvikene, Arvo; Sirpa Huuskonen, Kari Koponen, Ossi Ritola, lle Mauer, Pirjo Lindstrm-Sepp (1999). “Oil Shale Processing as a Source of Aquatic Pollution: Monitoring of the Biologic Effects in Caged and Feral Freshwater Fish” (PDF). Environmental Health Perspectives (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) 107 (9): 745752. doi:10.2307/3434660. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1566439/pdf/envhper00514-0093.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
^ Argonne National Laboratory (1990). Environmental consequences of, and control processes for, energy technologies. William Andrew Inc. p. 104. ISBN 9780815512318. http://books.google.com/books?id=qgFtunVE5T8C&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
^ Bartis, Jim (2006-10-26). “Unconventional Liquid Fuels Overview” (PDF). World Oil Conference. Boston: Association for the Study of Peak Oil & Gas – USA. http://www.aspo-usa.com/fall2006/presentations/pdf/Bartis_J_Boston_2006.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
^ Speckman, Stephen (2008-03-22). “Oil-shale ‘rush’ is sparking concern”. Deseret News (Deseret News Publishing Co.). ISSN 0745-4724. http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695263708,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
^ a b (PDF) Draft Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource Management Plan Amendments to Address Land Use Allocations in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming and Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 2. Argonne National Laboratory. 2007-12-07. p. 43(36). http://ostseis.anl.gov/documents/dpeis/volumes/OSTS_DPEIS_Vol_2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
^ Fischer, Perry A. (August 2005). “Hopes for shale oil are revived”. World Oil Magazine (Gulf Publishing Company). Archived from the original on 2006-11-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20061109140826/http://worldoil.com/magazine/MAGAZINE_DETAIL.asp?ART_ID=2658&MONTH_YEAR=Aug-2005. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
External links
Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (ISSN 0208-189X)
Oil Shale and Tar Sands Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Information Center. Concerning potential leases of Federal oil sands lands in Utah and oil shale lands in Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado.
“Shale Oil Now” Campaign. Links and articles on America’s shale oil compiled by Jon Moseley
The United States National Oil Shale Association (NOSA)
Shale Oil Information Center. A Colorado non-profit corporation disseminating information focusing on the history of the extraction of oil shale and oil sands.
v d e
Petroleum industry
Exploration
Petroleum engineering (Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation) Petroleum geology Geophysics Seismic (Seismic inversion) Petrophysics Core sampling
Drilling
Drilling engineering Underbalanced drilling Directional drilling (Measurement while drilling Geosteering) Drilling fluid Drill Stem Test
Development
Completion (Squeeze job) Well logging Pipeline transport Tracers
Production
Artificial lift (Pumpjack ESP Gas lift) EOR (Steam injection Gas reinjection) Water injection Well intervention Upstream Midstream Downstream Refining
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Categories: Oil shale technology | Petroleum production | Chemical engineeringHidden categories: Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 | All articles containing potentially dated statements
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Categories: 1658 Tags: extraction, Shale